PTU - Polskie Towarzystwo Urologiczne
home page
current numbers
archival numbers
list of articles:
list przewodni/covering letter
editor
Scientific Committee
publisher
subscription
advertising
important links

Role of steroid hormones in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer
Article published in Urologia Polska 2006/59/2.

authors

Marcin Matych
Oddział Urologii i Transplantacji Nerek W.S.S. im. M. Pirogowa w Łodzi

keywords

prostate, prostate cancer, steroid hormones, steroid receptors, carcinogenesis, androgens, estrogens

summary

Steroid hormones play the major role in etiology of prostate cancer, which is very important epidemiological problem. Prostate cancer is the third after the carcinoma of the lung and the carcinoma of the colon, leading cancer in Poland.
The multi step nature of carcinogenesis has been not yet fully understood. The risk of carcinoma of the prostate is rising when level of androstendion and estradiol in serum are high, but there is no correlation between this disease and initial serum testosteron level.
There is very interesting process of becoming androgen independent cancer of the prostate, which is very important clinical problem.
Steroid hormones are involved in etiology of prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia, but there is no correlation between both diseases.
The fact that androgen levels drop with age while the incidence of PCa increases, is unsettled clinical problem. The Friedman model, proposes a theory which resolves this apparent paradox. It tries to connect two opposed models. One model proposes that high levels of androgens are responsible for prostate cancer. The other proposes that high levels of androgen should be effective in the prevention and treatment of PCa.

references

  1. Mc Kenna NJ, Lanz RB, O'Malley BW: Nuclear receptor coregulators: cellular and molecular biology. Endocr Rev 1999, 20, 321-344.
  2. Eder IE, Bektic J, Haag P et al: Zmiana ekspresji genów w raku gruczołu krokowego. BJU Int Eur Update series, 2004, 3, 20-26.
  3. Wojtyniak B, Goryński P, Seroka W: Stan zdrowia ludności Polski na podstawie danych o umieralności, w Wojtyniak B, Goryński P (red): Sytuacja zdrowotna ludności Polski, Państwowy Zakład Higieny, 2003, Warszawa, str 9-55.
  4. Dorobek W: Zagadnienia Endokrynologiczne, w Borkowski A, Borówka A (red): Choroby gruczołu krokowego, Warszawa, PZWL, 1997, str 35-40.
  5. Coffey DS: The function and control of the prostate gland and the sex accessory tissues, in Khoury S (ed): Urology. Prostate cancer, FIIS, 1990, pp 70-94.
  6. Kirby RS: An atlas of prostatic diseases. The encyclopedia of visual medicine series. The Parthenon Publishing Group, New York, London, 1997, pp 45-56.
  7. Kirby RS, McConnell JD: Patofizjologia, w: Łagodny rozrost gruczołu krokowego, Gdańsk, Via Medica, 2003, str 3-13.
  8. Bosland MC: The etiopathogenesis of prostatic cancer with special reference to environmental factors. Adv Cancer Res 1988, 50, 1-106.
  9. Berges RR, Vukanovic J, Epstein JI et al: Implication of cell kinetic changes during the progression of human prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1995, 1, 473-480.
  10. Barrett-Connor E, Garland C, McPhillips JB et al: A prospective, population-based study of androstenodion, estrogens and prostatic cancer. Cancer Res 1990, 50, 169-173.
  11. Meikle AW, Smith JA Jr: Eepidemiology of prostate cancer. Urol Clin North Am 1990, 17, 709-718.
  12. Deslypere JP, Verdonck L, Vermeulen A: Fat tissue: A steroid reservoir and site of steroid metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1985, 61, 564-570.
  13. Coffey DS: The endocrine control of normal and abnormal growth of the prostate, in Urologic Endocriology, W. B. Saunders, 1986, pp 170-193
  14. Barrett-Connor E, Garland C, McPhillips JB et al: A prospective, population-based study of androstenodion, estrogens and prostatic cancer. Cancer Res 1990, 50, 169-173.
  15. Stone NN, Fair WR, Fishman J: Estrogen formation in human prostatic tissue from patients with and without bening prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 1986, 9, 311-318.
  16. Lau KM, Leav I, Ho SM: Rat estrogen receptor-alpha and beta, and progesterone receptor mRNA expression in various prostatic lobes and microdissected normal and dysplastic epithelial tissues of the Noble rats. Endocrinology 1998, 139, 424-427.
  17. Shibata H, Spencer TE, Onate SA et al: Role of co-activators and co-repressors in the mechanism of steroid/thyroid receptor action. Recent Prog Horm Res 1997, 52, 141-165.
  18. Royuela M, de Miguel MP, Bethencourt FR et al: Estrogens receptors alfa and beta in the normal, hyperplastic and carcinomatous human prostate. J Endocrinol 2001, 168, 447-454.
  19. Bonkhoff H, Fixemer T, Hunsicker I et al: Estrogen receptor expression in prostate cancer and premalignant prostatic lesions. Am J Pathol 1999, 155, 641-647.
  20. Harper ME, Sibley PE, Francis AB et al: Immunocytochemical assay for estrogen receptors applied to human prostatic tumors. Cancer Res 1986, 46 (Suppl), 4288-4290.
  21. Bruchovsky N, Rennie PS, Coldman AJ et al: Effects of androgen withdrawl on the stem cell composition of the Shionogi carcinoma. Cancer Res 1995, 50, 2275.
  22. Shibata A, Whitemore AS: Genetic predisposition to prostate cancer: Possible explanations for ethnic differences in risk. Prostate 1997, 32, 65-72.
  23. Taplin ME, Bubley GJ, Shuster TD et al: Mutation of the androgen receptor gene in metastatic androgen independent prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 1995, 332, 1393-1398.
  24. Tenniswood MP, Guenette RS, Lakins J et al: Active cell death in hormone-dependent tissues. Cancer Metast Rev 1992, 11, 197-222.
  25. Ross RK, Pike MC, Coetzee GA et al: Androgen metabolism and prostate cancer: esthabilishing a model genetic susceptibility. Cancer Res 1998, 58, 4497-4504.
  26. Prehn RT: On the prevention and Therapy of Prostate Cancer by Androgen Administration. Cancer Res 1999, 59, 4161-4164.
  27. Gann PH, Hennekenes CH, Ma J, Longcope C, Stampfer MJ: Prospective study of sex hormone levels and risk of prostate cancer. J Nat Cancer Inst 1996, 88, 1118-1126.
  28. Friedman AE: The Estradiol-Dihydrotestosterone model of prostate cancer. Theoretical Biol and Med Model 2005, 2, 10.
  29. Bosland MC: The etiopathogenesis of prostatic cancer with special reference to environmental factors. Adv Cancer Res 1988, 50, 1-106.
  30. Dorgan JF, Judd JT, Longcope C et: Effects of dietary fat and fiber on plasma and urine androgens and estrogens in man: a controlled feeding study. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 64, 850-855.
  31. Fuller PJ: The steroid receptor superfamily: mechanisms of diversity. FASEB J 1991, 5, 3092-3099.
  32. Schwartz DA, Norris JS: Glucocortid, androgen, and retinoic acid regulation of glutathione S-transferase gene expression in hamster smooth muscle tumor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1992, 184, 1108-1113.
  33. Henderson C, Bosland: The role of steroid hormones in prostate. J of National Cancer Institute Monographs 2000, 27, 39-66.
  34. Bosland MC: Hormonal factors in carcinogenesis of the prostate and testis in humans and animal models, in HuffJ, Boyd J, Barrett JC (ed): Cellular and Mechanisms of Hormonal Carcinogenesis: Environmental Influances, New York, Wiley-Liss, 1996, pp 309-352.
  35. Henderson BE, Ross RK, Pike MC, Casagrande JT: Endogenous hormones as a major factor in human cancer. Cancer Res 1982, 42, 3232-3239.
  36. Bosland MC: Hormonal factors in carcinogenesis of the prostate and testis in humans and animal models, in HuffJ, Boyd J, Barrett JC (ed): Cellular and Mechanisms of Hormonal Carcinogenesis: Environmental Influances, New York, Wiley-Liss, 1996, pp 309-352.

correspondence

Marcin Matych
Szpital im. M. Pirogowa
Oddział Urologii i Transplantacji Nerek
ul. Wólczańska 195
90-531 Łódź
tel. (042) 636 80 81, 630 35 64
urologiapirogow@op.pl