PTU - Polskie Towarzystwo Urologiczne
home page
current numbers
archival numbers
list of articles:
list przewodni/covering letter
editor
Scientific Committee
publisher
subscription
advertising
important links

Protection and farmacological treatment of bone mineralization in prostate cancer patients
Article published in Urologia Polska 2005/58/2.

authors

Tomasz Demkow
Klinika Nowotworów Układu Moczowego, Centrum Onkologii - Instytut im. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie
Kierownik kliniki: dr hab. Tomasz Demkow

keywords

prostate, prostatic carcinoma, skeletal complications, bisphosphonates

summary

introduction
Impairment of bone mineralization in men treated for prostate cancer represents significant challenge in modern oncology.
material and methods
A retrospective review of the world literature using MEDLINE was performed searching for various aspects of response to bisphosphonates in hormone refractory prostate cancer patients.
results
Among the bisphosphonates used currently, only zoledronic acid statistically decreases the risk of bone events in metastatic prostate cancer patients after failing hormonotherapy. To decrease the probability of bone related complications in chosen hormone refractory prostate cancer patients the drug should be used in everyday clinical practice. Randomized studies have not shown that other bisphosphonates have significant impact on clinical signs of the metastatic prostate cancer patients with castrate androgen levels. Therefore routine use of other bisphosphonates is not advocated in everyday clinical practice.
conclusion
Only the zoledronic acid statistically decreases the risk of bone related complications in hormone refractory prostate cancer patients among others bisphosphonates.

references

  1. Didkowska J, Wojciechowska U, Tarkowski W, Zatoński W: Nowotwory złośliwe w Polsce w 2000 roku. Krajowy Rejestr Nowotworów. Warszawa 2003.
  2. Karlin BI, Androle GL: The natural history, skeletal complications and management of bone metastases in patients with prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 88; 2989-2994.
  3. Hatano T, Oishi Y, Furuta A et al: Incidence of bone fracture in patients receiving luteinizing-releasing hormone agonists for prostate cancer. BJU 2000; 86; 449-452.
  4. Berruti A, Dogliotti L, Terrone G et al: Changes in bone mineral density, lean body mass and fat content as measured by dual energy X-ray absorpitometry in patients with prostate cancer without apparent bone metastases given androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol 2002; 167; 2361-2367.
  5. Eastham JA: Bisposhonates and prostate cancer: Maintaining bone integrity and quality of life. Am J Urol Rev 2004; 2; 5-8.
  6. Wiren K Orwoll E: Androgens and bone: basic aspects. In osteoporosis in men. Edited E. Orwoll, San Diego 1999; 211-274.
  7. Smith MR: Diagnosis and management of treatment-related osteoporosis in men with prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2003; 97; 789-795.
  8. Daniell HW: Osteoporosis due to androgen deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. Urology 2001; 58; 101-107.
  9. Townsend MF, Sanders WH, Northway RO et al: Bone fractures associated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist used in the treatment of prostate carcinoma. Cancer 1997; 79; 545-549.
  10. Modi S, Wood L, Siminoski K et al: A comparison of the prevalence of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures in men with prostate cancer on various androgen deprivation therapies: preliminary report. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2001; 20; abstract 167b.
  11. Ricchiuti VS, Conrad PW, Oefelin M: Skeletal fractures associated with androgen-suppression induced osteoporosis-the clinical incidence and risk factors for prostate cancer patients. J Urol suppl 2001; 165; 290; abstract 1195.
  12. Daniell HW: Osteoporosis after orchidectomy for prostate cancer. J Urol 1997; 157; 439-444.
  13. Kiratali BJ, Srinivas S, Perkash I et al: Progressive decrease in bone density over 10 years of androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer. Urology 2001; 57; 127-132.
  14. Adachi JD, Saag KG, Delmas PD et al: Two-year effects of alendronate on bone mineral density and vertebral fracture in patients receiving glucocorticoids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled extension trial. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44; 202-211.
  15. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Geneva: WHO 1994.
  16. Bilezikian JP: Osteoporosis in men. J Clin Endocr Metab 1999; 84; 3431-3433.
  17. Jackson JA, Kleerekoper M: Osteoporosis in men: diagnosis, pathophysilogy and prevention. Medicine 1990; 69; 137-152.
  18. Compston JE: Sex steroids and bone. Pysiol Rev 2001; 81; 419-447.
  19. Smith EP, Boyd J, Frank GR et al: Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. N Engl J Med 1994; 331; 1056-1061.
  20. Morishima A, Grumbach MM, Simson ER et al: Aromatase deficiency in male and female sibling caused by a novel mutation and the physiological role of estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80; 3689-3698.
  21. Smith MR, McGovern FJ, Fallon MA et al: Low bone mineral density in hormone-naďve men with prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2001; 91; 2238-2245.
  22. Eriksson S, Eriksson A, Stege R et al: Bone mineral density in patients with prostate cancer treated with orchidectomy and with estrogens. Calcif Tissue Int 1995; 57; 97-99.
  23. Osborn JL, Getzenberg RH, Trump DL: Spinal cord compression in prostate cancer. J Neurooncol 1995; 23; 135-147.
  24. Saad F, Gleason DM, Murray R et al: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94; 1458-68.
  25. Keller ET, Zhang J, Cooper CR et al: Prostate carcinoma sceletal metastases: cross-talk between tumor and bone. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2001; 20; 333-349.
  26. Dijstra S, Wiggers T, van Geel BN et al: Impending and actual pathological fractures in patients with bone metastases of the long bones. W retrospective study of 233 surgical treated fractures. Eur J Surg 1994; 160; 535-542.
  27. Rogers MJ, Watts DJ, Russell RG: Overview of bisphosphonates. Cancer 1997; 80; 1652-1660.
  28. Huges DE, Wright KR, Uy HL et al: Bisphosphonates promote apoptosis in mature osteoclast in vitro and in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10; 1478-1478.
  29. Rodan GA, Fleisch HA: Bisphosphonates: mechanisms of action. J Clin Invest 1996; 97; 2692-2696.
  30. Boissier S, Magnetto, Frappart et al: Bisphosphonates inhibit prostate and brest carcinoma cell adhesion to unmineralized and mineralized bone extracellular matrices. Cancer Res 1997; 57; 3890-3894.
  31. Pollard M, Luckert PH: Effect of dichloromethylene diphosphate on the osteolytic and osteoplastic effects of rat prostate adenocarcinoma cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1985; 75; 949-954.
  32. Wood J, Bonjean K, Ruetz et al: Novel antiangiogenic effects of the bisphosphonate compound zoledronic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 302; 1055-1061.
  33. Heidenreich A: Bisphosphonates in the Management of metastatic prostate cancer. Oncology 2003; 65; 5-11.
  34. Marquart H, Lioubin MN, Ikeda T: Complete amino acid sequence of human transforming growth factor type beta 2. J Biol Chem 1997; 262; 12127-12130.
  35. Cramer SD, Chen Z, Peehl DM: Prostate specific antigen cleaves parathyroid hormone-related protein in the PTH-like domain: inactivation of PTH rP stimulated cAMP accumulation in mouse osteoblast. J Urol 1996; 156; 526-531.
  36. Adami S, Salvagno G, Guarrera G: Dichlormethylene-diphosphate in patients with prostatic carcinoma metastatic to the skeleton. J Urol 1985; 134; 1152-1154.
  37. Vorreuther R: Bisphosphonates as an adjunct to palliative therapy of bone metastases from prostatic carcinoma. A pilot study on clodronate. Br J Urol 1993; 72; 792-796.
  38. Cresswell SM, English PJ, Hall RR: Pain relief and quality-of-life assessment following intravenous and oral clodronate in hormone-escaped metastatic prostate cancer. Br J Urol 1995; 76; 360-367.
  39. Coleman RE, Ourohit OP, VinholesJJ, Zekri J: High-dose pamidronate: Clinical and biochemical effects in metastatic bone disease. Cancer 1997; 80; 1652-1660.
  40. Strang P, Nilsson S, Brandstedt S et al: The analgesic efficacy of clodronate compared with placebo in patients with painful bone metastases from prostatic cancer. Anticancer Res 1997; 17; 4717-4721.
  41. Lipton A, Small E, Saad F et al: The new bisphosphonate, Zometa (zoledronic acid) decreases skeletal complications in both osteolithic and osteoblastic lesions: a comparison to pamidronate. Cancer Invest 2002; 20; 45-54.
  42. Saad F, Guise T, Hussain A, et al: The role of intravenous bisphosphonates in the management of prostate cancer: treatment guidelines. Am J Urol Rev 2004; 2; 9-15.
  43. Corey E, Brown LG, Quinn et al: Zoledronic acid exhibits inhibitory effects on ectoblastic and osteolytic metastases of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9; 295-306.
  44. Smith MR, Kaufman SD: Management of bone metastases: external beam radiation therapy, radiopharmceuticals, and bisphosphonates. Prostate cancer Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2002; 596-601.
  45. Harris SS, Soteriades E, Coolidge JA et al: Vitamin D insufficiency and hyperparathyroidism in a low income, multiracial, elderly population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85; 4125-4130.
  46. Schwartz GG, Hulka BS: Vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for prostate cancer? Anticancer Res 1990; 10; 1307-1310.
  47. Veldhuizen PJ, Taylor SA, Williamson S et al: Treatment of Vitamin D deficiency in patients with metastatic prostate cancer may improve bone pain and muscle strength. J Urol 2000; 163; 187-190.
  48. Chaupy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M et al: Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporosis Int 1997; 7; 439-443.
  49. Gallagher JC: The role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. J Rheumatol 1996; 23; 15-20.
  50. Hindley AC, Hill AB, Leyland MJ et al: A double-blind controlled trial of salmon calcitonin in pain due to malignancy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1982; 9; 71-74.

correspondence

Tomasz Demkow
Klinika Nowotworów Układu Moczowego
02-781 Warszawa
ul. Roentgena 5
tel. (022) 546 24 62
demkow@coi.waw.pl